![]() ![]() ![]() Near the end of the 19th century, the hokku was completely separated from the context of haikai no renga by Masaoka Shiki and revised and written as an independent verse form which he named " haiku", though retaining the kigo. Haikai was the linked verse practice followed and elevated by Matsuo Bashō and others until the Meiji period (1867–1912). According to these rules, the hokku (the opening stanza of the renga) must include a reference to the season in which the renga was written.Ī lighter form of renga called haikai no renga ("playful" linked verse) was introduced near the end of the 15th century. By the 13th century there were very set rules for the writing of renga, and its formal structure specified that about half of the stanzas should include a reference to a specific season, depending upon their place in the poem. The writing of the linked-verse form renga dates to the middle of the Heian period (roughly AD 1000) and developed through the medieval era. Both of these anthologies had sections for other categories such as love poems and miscellaneous ( zō) poems. By the time of the first imperial Japanese anthology, the Kokinshū a century and a half later (AD 905), the seasonal sections had become a much larger part of the anthology. The earliest anthology of Japanese poetry, the mid-8th century Man'yōshū, contained several sections devoted to the seasons. They are valuable in providing economy of expression.Īlthough the term kigo was coined as late as 1908, representation of, and reference to, the seasons has long been important in Japanese culture and poetry. Kigo are used in the collaborative linked-verse forms renga and renku, as well as in haiku, to indicate the season referred to in the stanza. Kigo ( 季語, "season word" ) is a word or phrase associated with a particular season, used in traditional forms of Japanese poetry. (16) Polar bears are seagoing hunters that roam vast areas of the Arctic, pursuing a movable feast of seals, narwhals, beluga whales, and walruses.Cherry blossoms ( sakura), often simply called blossoms ( hana) are a common spring kigo. (15) Dolphins and porpoises are examples of odontocetes, as are belugas, narwhals, killer whales, sperm whales, and beaked whales. (14) His narwhal tusks stand in the attic near a loose pile of taxidermic heads. (13) The narwhal is a smaller whale that lives most of its life north of the Arctic Circle. (12) The Antarctic lacks small resident toothed whales like the beluga and the narwhal of the Arctic. (11) Aquatic mammals that live in the waters off the coast include walrus, ringed seals, bearded seals, beluga, narwhal, and various other whales. (10) Strictly speaking, the term should be applied only to the tusks of elephants, although a wider definition includes the teeth of the hippo, narwhal whale and the walrus. (9) Occasionally they even pluck a walrus, beluga whale, or narwhal from the watery depths below the pack ice. (8) The tusked narwhal, white beluga whales and elusive bowhead whale all live off the northern part of this island. (7) The exhibit, showcasing such images as kayaks, walruses, seals and narwhal, reflects the close relationship between Inuit and water. (6) In fact it was a narwhal tusk, or possibly rhinoceros horn. (5) ├ö├ç├┐The extraordinary tusk of the narwhal has fascinated and puzzled scientists for hundreds of years,├ö├ç├û according to the expedition's Web site. (4) Furthermore, unlike the curved teeth of elephants and warthogs, the narwhal tooth is nature's only straight tusk. ![]() (3) A great white shark with a narwhal horn and legs seems to be attacking the glass. (2) For centuries observers have been fascinated and mystified by the majestic spiral tusk grown by the small Arctic whale known as the narwhal. (1) The tusk of whale or narwhal is spirally curved, and can measure up to 2.5 m in length.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |